Healthy
Electron transport chain — step by step
Complex I
NADH → NAD⁺ · 4 H⁺ pumped across membrane
10 ATP
Complex II
FADH₂ → FAD · enters chain, no pumping
1.5 ATP
Complex III
Q-cycle · 4 H⁺ pumped per 2 electrons
3 ATP
Complex IV
O₂ → H₂O · 2 H⁺ pumped · Red light target
2 ATP
ATP Synthase
Proton gradient drives rotation · ~3 H⁺ per ATP
30 ATP total